docs: add TypeScript Query guide with info on lean() + transform()

Fix #15311

Author: vkarpov15

docs/layout.pug

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ html(lang='en')
                   - if (versions.currentVersion.listed !== versions.latestVersion.listed)
                     li.pure-menu-item
                       a.pure-menu-link(href=`${versions.latestVersion.path}/docs/index.html`) Version #{versions.latestVersion.listed}
-                  each pastVersion in versions.pastVersions 
+                  each pastVersion in versions.pastVersions
                     li.pure-menu-item
                       a.pure-menu-link(href=`/docs/${pastVersion.path}/index.html`) Version #{pastVersion.listed}
               li.pure-menu-item.search
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ html(lang='en')
                           a.pure-menu-link(href=`${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/schemas.html`, class=outputUrl === `${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/schemas.html` ? 'selected' : '') Schemas
                         li.pure-menu-item.sub-item
                           a.pure-menu-link(href=`${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/statics-and-methods.html`, class=outputUrl === `${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/statics-and-methods.html` ? 'selected' : '') Statics and Methods
+                        li.pure-menu-item.sub-item
+                          a.pure-menu-link(href=`${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/queries.html`, class=outputUrl === `${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/queries.html` ? 'selected' : '') Queries
                         li.pure-menu-item.sub-item
                           a.pure-menu-link(href=`${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/query-helpers.html`, class=outputUrl === `${versions.versionedPath}/docs/typescript/query-helpers.html` ? 'selected' : '') Query Helpers
                         li.pure-menu-item.sub-item

docs/typescript/queries.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Queries in TypeScript
+
+Mongoose's [Query class](../api/query.html) is a chainable query builder that represents a MongoDB query.
+When you call `find()`, `findOne()`, `updateOne()`, `findOneAndUpdate()`, etc. on a model, Mongoose will return a Query instance.
+Queries have a `.then()` function that returns a Promise, so you can use them with `await`.
+
+In TypeScript, the Query class takes the following generic parameters:
+
+```ts
+class Query<
+  ResultType, // The type of the result of the query, like `DocType[]`
+  DocType, // The hydrated document type of the query's associated model
+  THelpers = {}, // Query helpers
+  RawDocType = unknown, // The "lean" document type of the query's associated model
+  QueryOp = 'find', // The operation that will be executed, like 'find', 'findOne', 'updateOne', etc.
+  TDocOverrides = Record<string, never> // Methods and virtuals on the hydrated document
+>
+```
+
+## Using `lean()` in TypeScript
+
+The [`lean()` method](../tutorials/lean.html) tells Mongoose to skip [hydrating](../api/model.html#model_Model-hydrate) the result documents, making queries faster and more memory efficient.
+`lean()` comes with some caveats in TypeScript when working with the query `transform()` function.
+In general, we recommend calling `lean()` before using the `transform()` function to ensure accurate types.
+
+```ts
+// Put `lean()` **before** `transform()` in TypeScript because `transform` modifies the query ResultType into a shape
+// that `lean()` does not know how to handle.
+const result = await ProjectModel
+  .find()
+  .lean()
+  .transform((docs) => new Map(docs.map((doc) => [doc._id.toString(), doc])));
+
+// Do **not** do the following
+const result = await ProjectModel
+  .find()
+  .transform((docs) => new Map(docs.map((doc) => [doc._id.toString(), doc])))
+  .lean();
+```
+
+In general, if you're having trouble with `lean()` inferring the correct type, you can try moving `lean()` earlier in the query chain.