Failures with Python 3.14

[nphilipp]

Hi!

I maintain rdflib as a package in Fedora, and my colleagues are attempting to rebuild Python packages using a pre-release of Python 3.14, the final version is slated for inclusion in Fedora 43, which failed with rdflib.

I’ve found two reasons:

• Directly accessing __annotations__ doesn’t work as expected in Python 3.14, it should use get_annotations() (from annotationlib or inspect) instead. I’ll submit a PR for this.
• The sparql plugin uses NotImplemented in boolean contexts, i.e. it relies on that it evaluates as True for comparison (and sorting). This was deprecated in Python 3.9 and fails now, resulting in TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal' . I have no idea how to fix it, all my attempts at workarounds failed.

Summary of failing sparql tests

====================================== short test summary info =======================================
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql10_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql10[http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/tests/data-r2/solution-seq/manifest#slice-3] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/csv-tsv-res/manifest#csv01] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/csv-tsv-res/manifest#tsv01] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/csv-tsv-res/manifest#csv02] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/csv-tsv-res/manifest#tsv02] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/csv-tsv-res/manifest#csv03] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/csv-tsv-res/manifest#tsv03] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/functions/manifest#plus-1] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/functions/manifest#plus-2] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/json-res/manifest#jsonres01] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
FAILED test/test_w3c_spec/test_sparql11_w3c.py::test_entry_sparql11[http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/data-sparql11/json-res/manifest#jsonres02] - TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal'
=== 11 failed, 7649 passed, 52 skipped, 330 xfailed, 36 xpassed, 7561 warnings in 97.16s (0:01:37) ===

[gotmax23]

The sparql plugin uses NotImplemented in boolean contexts, i.e. it relies on that it evaluates as True for comparison (and sorting). This was deprecated in Python 3.9 and fails now, resulting in TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Literal' and 'Literal' . I have no idea how to fix it, all my attempts at workarounds failed.

This is still an issue. I think

rdflib/rdflib/term.py

Lines 1257 to 1260 in 53405b7

	try:
	return not self.__gt__(other) and not self.eq(other)
	except TypeError:
	return NotImplemented

is the problem. When self.__gt__(other) returns NotImplemented on Python 3.14, a TypeError is raised when the code attempts to evaluate it as a bool and then except TypeError: return NotImplemented causes another type error. Before, this silently did the wrong thing because not self.__gt__(other) = not bool(NotImplemented) = not True evaluated to False instead of raising a TypeError.