Add tests for changing variables with partial data

[jerelmiller]

This ports the tests from #11581 which are failing in v3. This appears to have been fixed with the changes we've made for v4 already so this PR is mainly to commit these tests so that we have them for future.

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Latest commit: 958b016

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[pkg-pr-new]

npm i https://pkg.pr.new/apollographql/apollo-client/@apollo/client@12664

commit: 958b016

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size
import { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache, HttpLink } from "@apollo/client" (CJS)	42.03 KB (0%)
import { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache, HttpLink } from "@apollo/client" (production) (CJS)	37.22 KB (0%)
import { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache, HttpLink } from "@apollo/client"	32.27 KB (0%)
import { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache, HttpLink } from "@apollo/client" (production)	26.81 KB (0%)
import { ApolloProvider } from "@apollo/client/react"	5.56 KB (0%)
import { ApolloProvider } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	963 B (0%)
import { useQuery } from "@apollo/client/react"	11.42 KB (0%)
import { useQuery } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	6.83 KB (0%)
import { useLazyQuery } from "@apollo/client/react"	6.72 KB (0%)
import { useLazyQuery } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	2.12 KB (0%)
import { useMutation } from "@apollo/client/react"	6.1 KB (0%)
import { useMutation } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	1.47 KB (0%)
import { useSubscription } from "@apollo/client/react"	6.46 KB (0%)
import { useSubscription } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	1.83 KB (0%)
import { useSuspenseQuery } from "@apollo/client/react"	8.17 KB (0%)
import { useSuspenseQuery } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	3.57 KB (0%)
import { useBackgroundQuery } from "@apollo/client/react"	7.99 KB (0%)
import { useBackgroundQuery } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	3.4 KB (0%)
import { useLoadableQuery } from "@apollo/client/react"	7.97 KB (0%)
import { useLoadableQuery } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	3.38 KB (0%)
import { useReadQuery } from "@apollo/client/react"	6.22 KB (0%)
import { useReadQuery } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	1.61 KB (0%)
import { useFragment } from "@apollo/client/react"	6.29 KB (0%)
import { useFragment } from "@apollo/client/react" (production)	1.68 KB (0%)