(feat) AST -> HIR<TypedSpan> Conversion

[AlSchlo]

Implements the first pass of AST->HIR conversion in analyzer/from_ast.

In addition to obtaining a HIR<TypedSpan>, the conversion process:

1. Desugars syntax.
2. Builds the ADT type registry.
3. Ingests explicit type annotations.

You may experiment with it as follows:
cargo run -- compile examples/example.dsl --print-ast --print-hir

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 86.18785% with 225 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 76.9%. Comparing base (ed35467) to head (2a93aab).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
optd-dsl/src/cli/main.rs	0.0%	61 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/semantic_check/error.rs	23.9%	54 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/from_ast/expr.rs	93.1%	42 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/from_ast/types.rs	88.5%	19 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/from_ast/pattern.rs	89.6%	15 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/parser/expr.rs	86.6%	10 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/cli/compile.rs	0.0%	8 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/from_ast/converter.rs	97.8%	7 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/hir.rs	89.2%	6 Missing ⚠️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/types.rs	90.9%	2 Missing ⚠️
... and 1 more

Additional details and impacted files

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/context.rs	85.4% <100.0%> (+10.4%)	⬆️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/type_check/error.rs	0.0% <ø> (ø)
optd-dsl/src/engine/eval/expr.rs	97.7% <100.0%> (+<0.1%)	⬆️
optd-dsl/src/engine/eval/match.rs	99.3% <100.0%> (+<0.1%)	⬆️
optd-dsl/src/parser/module.rs	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
optd-dsl/src/utils/error.rs	25.0% <ø> (ø)
optd-dsl/src/utils/span.rs	71.4% <100.0%> (+2.1%)	⬆️
optd-dsl/src/utils/tests.rs	91.1% <100.0%> (ø)
optd-dsl/src/engine/mod.rs	55.7% <0.0%> (-0.9%)	⬇️
optd-dsl/src/analyzer/types.rs	98.4% <90.9%> (ø)
... and 9 more

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[connortsui20]

I don't have time to read through all of the matching code, so I focused on just the type design.

Other than the stuff I mentioned about errors (and on slack about immutable contexts instead of a stack of history for every single context), everything generally looks good to me. I think the UDFs setup is a bit strange but given that you have nothing to work with yet (I still have to write all of the E2E structure for that) I think this is fine to merge and we can fix that later.

[yliang412]

Good work!